[
  {
    "id": 1,
    "category": "Procurement",
    "title": "Federal Court of Auditors · Submission to the hearing",
    "date": "15 December 2025 · especially pp. 5–9",
    "note": "5.8 billion masks, €5.9 billion; distribution, destruction and follow-up costs. Inventory figures mainly from August 2025.",
    "url": "https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/1146216/2025-12-15_12-Sitzung_Anlagenkonvolut.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": 2,
    "category": "Procurement",
    "title": "Bundestag · Open-house contracts",
    "date": "29 March 2021 · hib 409/2021",
    "note": "€4.50 excluding VAT for FFP2/KN95 masks, €0.60 excluding VAT for surgical masks; contracts and delivery volumes.",
    "url": "https://www.bundestag.de/presse/hib/831536-831536"
  },
  {
    "id": 3,
    "category": "Justice",
    "title": "Spanish Supreme Court · Ábalos case",
    "date": "Sentencing announcement · accessed 22 October 2026",
    "note": "24 years and 3 months for José Luis Ábalos. Conviction for multiple offences; the sentence was not determined solely by the amount of commission.",
    "url": "https://www.poderjudicial.es/cgpj/en/Judiciary/Supreme-Court/Judicial-News/El-Tribunal-Supremo-condena-al-exministro-Jose-Luis-Abalos-y-a-su-exasesor-Koldo-Garcia-a-24-anos-y-19-anos-de-prision--respectivamente--por-delitos-de-organizacion-criminal--cohecho--malversacion-y-trafico-de-influencias"
  },
  {
    "id": 4,
    "category": "Justice",
    "title": "Tagesschau · No investigation into Spahn",
    "date": "9 March 2026 · Secondary source",
    "note": "Berlin’s Public Prosecutor General found insufficient factual grounds to suspect a criminal offence.",
    "url": "https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/spahn-verfahren-masken-100.html"
  },
  {
    "id": 5,
    "category": "Justice",
    "title": "BGH · Mask brokerage by Nüßlein / Sauter",
    "date": "5 July 2022 · Press release 107/2022",
    "note": "Brokerage outside parliamentary duties did not fall within the scope of section 108e of the Criminal Code as it then stood.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesgerichtshof.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2022/2022107.html"
  },
  {
    "id": 6,
    "category": "Justice",
    "title": "BGH · Trade tax evasion / Tandler",
    "date": "11 July 2025 · Decision of 29 April 2025",
    "note": "Final prison sentences of three years each for Tandler and her partner. Approximately €48 million in joint commissions.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesgerichtshof.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2025/2025126.html"
  },
  {
    "id": 7,
    "category": "Justice",
    "title": "BGH announcement on Tandler · Readable reproduction",
    "date": "Deutscher Strafverteidiger Verband",
    "note": "Full reproduction of the official announcement if access to the BGH website is blocked.",
    "url": "https://www.deutscher-strafverteidigerverband.de/bundesgerichtshof-bestaetigt-verurteilung-wegen-gewerbesteuerhinterziehung-im-zusammenhang-mit-maskenaffaere-waehrend-der-corona-pandemie/"
  },
  {
    "id": 8,
    "category": "Pharmacies",
    "title": "BMG · Protective Mask Ordinance",
    "date": "2020 / 2021 programme",
    "note": "Eligible people, three free masks and two vouchers for six masks each.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/service/gesetze-und-verordnungen/guv-19-lp/schutzmv"
  },
  {
    "id": 9,
    "category": "Pharmacies",
    "title": "Original ordinance · Remuneration",
    "date": "15 December 2020 · Sections 5–9",
    "note": "Initially €6 including VAT per mask supplied against a voucher. This does not establish pharmacies’ profit.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/3_Downloads/C/Coronavirus/Verordnungen/SchutzmV_BAnz_AT_15.12.2020.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": 10,
    "category": "Pharmacies",
    "title": "Amending ordinance · €3.90",
    "date": "5 February 2021",
    "note": "Reduction applying, among other things, to the second voucher period, from 16 February to 15 April 2021.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/3_Downloads/C/Coronavirus/Verordnungen/1._AendV_Coronavirus-SchutzmV_BAnz_AT_05.02.2021.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": 11,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Cochrane · Systematic review",
    "date": "2023 · CD006207.pub6",
    "note": "Randomised studies of physical interventions against respiratory viruses; limitations concerning adherence, bias and generalisability.",
    "url": "https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6/full"
  },
  {
    "id": 12,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Cochrane · Statement and update",
    "date": "March 2023 · Addition in June 2024",
    "note": "Statement on the 2023 review. Since June 2024, changes to the abstract and plain-language summary are no longer being pursued.",
    "url": "https://www.cochrane.org/about-us/news/statement-physical-interventions-interrupt-or-reduce-spread-respiratory-viruses-review"
  },
  {
    "id": 13,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "BfArM · Differences between mask types",
    "date": "Historical pandemic information",
    "note": "Cloth masks, surgical masks and FFP masks: product types, standards, filtration properties and fit. This archived information does not establish a current mask requirement.",
    "url": "https://www.bfarm.de/SharedDocs/Risikoinformationen/Medizinprodukte/DE/schutzmasken.html"
  },
  {
    "id": 14,
    "category": "Background",
    "title": "Deutsche Welle · Arrival at the airport",
    "date": "7 April 2020 · Image: picture-alliance/dpa/M. Balk",
    "note": "Eight million masks in Munich. Söder, Scheuer and Lufthansa CEO Spohr receiving the shipment.",
    "url": "https://www.dw.com/de/acht-millionen-schutzmasken-f%C3%BCr-bayern/a-53053924"
  },
  {
    "id": 15,
    "category": "Background",
    "title": "Reitschuster · The starting point for this dossier",
    "date": "22 October 2026 · Commentary / Secondary source",
    "note": "Boris Reitschuster’s article of 22 October 2026: the starting point for this dossier and its Madrid–Berlin comparison.",
    "url": "https://reitschuster.de/post/in-madrid-24-jahre-haft-in-berlin-fraktionsvorsitz/"
  },
  {
    "id": 16,
    "category": "Background",
    "title": "Tagesspiegel · Tandler and Hohlmeier",
    "date": "11 July 2025 · Secondary source",
    "note": "Andrea Tandler is Gerold Tandler’s daughter. Monika Hohlmeier, daughter of Franz Josef Strauß, facilitated contacts.",
    "url": "https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/bayerische-maskenaffare-gericht-reduziert-haftstrafe-fur-politikertochter-tandler-14011244.html"
  },
  {
    "id": 17,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Corona-Revision · Local reading versions",
    "date": "14 October 2026 · Volumes 1 and 2",
    "note": "Used: Volume 1, 8.125b–c; Volume 2, 54.3. Summary and provenance on a separate reading page.",
    "url": "corona-revision.html"
  },
  {
    "id": 18,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Bourke et al. · Masks, language and emotions",
    "date": "Online in 2022 / 2023 · J Exp Child Psychol",
    "note": "Experiment involving 74 children aged four to eight: altered emotion recognition; no significant impairment of the basic language processing tested. No evidence of long-term developmental harm.",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9637007/"
  },
  {
    "id": 19,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "DGUV · FFP masks and recovery breaks",
    "date": "Historical COVID-19 FAQ · Especially question 25",
    "note": "Plan wearing times and recovery breaks for FFP masks in the risk assessment; prevent skin problems. Distinguishes FFP masks from medical face masks.",
    "url": "https://www.dguv.de/de/praevention/themen-a-z/biologisch/faq-coronavirus/index.jsp"
  },
  {
    "id": 20,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Unfallkasse Hessen · Masks in everyday school life",
    "date": "11 September 2021 · Historical information",
    "note": "Discomfort while wearing masks, removal in specific situations and differences between mask types. At the time, no evidence of breathing impairment posing a health risk from the masks recommended for children. School photograph: Oksana Kuzmina / Adobe Stock.",
    "url": "https://www.ukh.de/schule/neuigkeiten/detail/die-richtige-maske-zum-schulstart"
  },
  {
    "id": 21,
    "category": "Background",
    "title": "Stern · Visible marks after hospital shifts",
    "date": "2 April 2020 · News report",
    "note": "Documented self-portraits of exhausted healthcare professionals and marks left by masks. Image: Instagram screenshot/covid_nurses. The strain of everyday hospital work cannot be attributed to masks alone.",
    "url": "https://www.stern.de/gesundheit/kampf-gegen-corona--erschoepfte-aerzte-und-pflegekraefte-zeigen-ihre-gesichter-9208892.html"
  },
  {
    "id": 22,
    "category": "Background",
    "title": "BMG · Handover from Lauterbach to Warken",
    "date": "May 2025 · Official announcement",
    "note": "Karl Lauterbach as Nina Warken’s predecessor at the Federal Ministry of Health; official documentation of the 2025 handover.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/ministerium/meldungen/nina-warken-neue-gesundheitsministerin"
  },
  {
    "id": 23,
    "category": "Background",
    "title": "BMG · Lauterbach’s speech in the Bundestag",
    "date": "8 September 2022 · Original speech",
    "note": "Lauterbach claimed that FFP2 masks provided reliable protection against infection with BA.2.75 and BA.5. Used to justify stricter requirements.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/presse/reden/lauterbach-wir-haben-die-lage-im-griff"
  },
  {
    "id": 24,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "RKI · FFP2 versus surgical masks in everyday life",
    "date": "FAQ section as of 26 November 2024 · Referring to 30 October 2020",
    "note": "Additional protection against transmission compared with surgical masks was not established for untrained members of the public in everyday use; higher filtration in the laboratory.",
    "url": "https://www.rki.de/SharedDocs/FAQs/DE/COVID-19-Pandemie/Protokolle/FAQ-Liste-Krisenstab.html"
  },
  {
    "id": 25,
    "category": "Background",
    "title": "Bavaria · FFP2 requirement on public transport",
    "date": "17 January 2021 · Original announcement",
    "note": "Mandatory from 18 January, including at stations and stops, for people aged 15 and over; a one-week grace period before fines.",
    "url": "https://www.bayern.de/ffp2-maskenpflicht-im-oepnv/"
  },
  {
    "id": 26,
    "category": "Background",
    "title": "Bavaria · FFP2 masks in shops and on local transport",
    "date": "12 January 2021 · Original announcement",
    "note": "Cabinet decision and Aiwanger’s promise that the risk of infection would be reduced to a minimum.",
    "url": "https://www.bayern.de/ffp2-maskenpflicht-ab-montag-beim-einkaufen-und-im-oeffentlichen-nahverkehr/"
  },
  {
    "id": 27,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Bundgaard et al. · DANMASK-19",
    "date": "Online in 2020 / 2021 · Randomised study",
    "note": "6,024 randomised adults; 4,862 completed follow-up. No statistically significant difference in protection for the wearer from a recommendation to wear surgical masks.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33205991/"
  },
  {
    "id": 28,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Coma et al. · Mask requirements in Catalan schools",
    "date": "Online in 2022 / 2023 · Observational study",
    "note": "599,314 children, 1,907 schools. Comparison across the age threshold of five/six years: no statistically significant reduction in the secondary attack rate.",
    "url": "https://adc.bmj.com/content/108/2/131"
  },
  {
    "id": 29,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Juutinen et al. · Comparison of Finnish cities",
    "date": "21 April 2023 · BMC Public Health",
    "note": "Extending the mask requirement to 10- to 12-year-olds: no discernible additional benefit in a comparison of three cities. Ecological comparison.",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10119008/"
  },
  {
    "id": 30,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Knobloch et al. · Respirator fit",
    "date": "2023 · Journal of Hospital Infection",
    "note": "29 studies; ear-loop models passed 3.6% of 222 recorded fit tests. Passing a fit test is not an infection rate.",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9894678/"
  },
  {
    "id": 31,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Sandlund et al. · Children’s masks: systematic review",
    "date": "Online in 2023 / 2024 · Search cut-off February 2023",
    "note": "22 observational studies, with no randomised study in children among the included studies. The authors judged the evidence insufficient.",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10894839/"
  },
  {
    "id": 32,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Solberg et al. · Surgical masks in everyday life in Norway",
    "date": "2024 · BMJ · Randomised study",
    "note": "Fewer self-reported respiratory symptoms over 14 days: 8.9% versus 12.2%. Unblinded study; no established effect on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19.",
    "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/386/bmj-2023-078918"
  },
  {
    "id": 33,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Abaluck et al. · Mask campaign in Bangladesh",
    "date": "Online in 2021 / 2022 · Science · Cluster RCT",
    "note": "600 villages, 342,183 adults. Reduction in symptomatic seropositivity in the distribution and encouragement programme; aPR 0.91, 95% CI 0.82–1.00.",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9036942/"
  },
  {
    "id": 34,
    "category": "Certification",
    "title": "BAuA · Identifying compliant respirators",
    "date": "Pandemic testing pathways in 2020 · Official information",
    "note": "Standard conformity assessment, KN95 and coronavirus pandemic respirators (CPA); the CPA procedure ended on 1 October 2020.",
    "url": "https://www.baua.de/DE/Angebote/Publikationen/Fokus/Atemschutzmasken.pdf?__blob=publicationFile"
  },
  {
    "id": 35,
    "category": "Certification",
    "title": "DEKRA / IFA · CPA testing specification",
    "date": "20 March 2020 · Revision 0 · Original PDF",
    "note": "Simplified tests of filter penetration, breathing resistance and donning. Distinction from respiratory protection fully tested to EN 149.",
    "url": "https://dekraprod-media.e-spirit.cloud/416969f7-5dae-4948-b0f6-809804143c1e/media/pruefgrundsatz-en-rev0-20200325.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": 36,
    "category": "Certification",
    "title": "Stiftung Warentest · FFP2 masks tested",
    "date": "19 October 2022 · Independent product test",
    "note": "32 models in total: ten with low breathing comfort; twelve of the 22 models tested for fit did not meet all requirements.",
    "url": "https://www.test.de/Masken-Welcher-Mund-Nasen-Schutz-hilft-am-besten-gegen-Corona-5692592-0/"
  },
  {
    "id": 37,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "DGUV / IFA · Using FFP2 masks correctly",
    "date": "19 January 2021 · Updated 3 February 2022",
    "note": "Instruction, a close fit and risk assessment. The recommendation at the time for moderately strenuous work: 75 minutes of wear, followed by a 30-minute recovery break.",
    "url": "https://www.dguv.de/de/mediencenter/pm/pressemitteilung_418252.jsp"
  },
  {
    "id": 38,
    "category": "Certification",
    "title": "Verleysen et al. · Titanium dioxide in mask materials",
    "date": "2022 · Scientific Reports",
    "note": "Twelve masks examined; material and surface content determined. Actual release and inhaled dose were not measured.",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-06605-w"
  },
  {
    "id": 39,
    "category": "Certification",
    "title": "Mehri et al. · Direct particle release",
    "date": "3 February 2026 · Scientific Reports",
    "note": "Three mask types under laboratory conditions. No TiO₂ nanoparticles detected in the released particles analysed.",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-34482-6"
  },
  {
    "id": 40,
    "category": "Certification",
    "title": "Kisielinski et al. · Substances detected and released",
    "date": "2024 · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety",
    "note": "1,003 search results, 24 included studies covering 631 masks. Mainly laboratory studies; comparisons with limit values have substantial methodological limitations.",
    "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323013623"
  },
  {
    "id": 41,
    "category": "Background",
    "title": "RKI · Original minutes of 30 October 2020",
    "date": "PDF page 1716 · Minutes page 10/11",
    "note": "Internal discussion of evidence for FFP2 use outside occupational safety. Additional context and subsequent explanation in source 24.",
    "url": "https://www.rki.de/DE/Themen/Infektionskrankheiten/Infektionskrankheiten-A-Z/C/COVID-19-Pandemie/Protokolle/COVID-19-Krisenstabsprotokolle_Teil1_Download.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6#page=1716"
  },
  {
    "id": 42,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Annals · Expression of Concern about the Loeb study",
    "date": "5 August 2025 · DOI 10.7326/ANNALS-25-03203",
    "note": "Editorial expression of concern about the 2022 study comparing N95 respirators with medical masks. Not a formal retraction.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40759021/"
  },
  {
    "id": 43,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "JAMA Pediatrics · Retraction of the children’s CO₂ paper",
    "date": "16 July 2021 · Retraction notice",
    "note": "The research letter published in 2021 measuring CO₂ under children’s masks was retracted.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34269801/"
  },
  {
    "id": 44,
    "category": "Background",
    "title": "Maskenalarm · Supplied archive package",
    "date": "22 October 2026 · Telegram source collection",
    "note": "Historical Telegram source collection with 1,103 entries, 756 media files and indexes of studies, schools, quotations and external sources.",
    "url": "https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/7s9542yduu5kqhg4fizow/AHlLmq5AfpjCtQlP3BcPEQY?rlkey=9trf2fr3zi59dty2obibwh5lb&dl=0"
  },
  {
    "id": 45,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Banholzer et al. · Aerosols and transmission in Bern schools",
    "date": "18 May 2023 · PLOS Medicine · Observational study",
    "note": "90 adolescents, two schools, seven weeks; lower aerosol concentrations under a mask requirement. Small, non-randomised investigation incorporating modelling.",
    "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1004226"
  },
  {
    "id": 46,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "India · Cluster RCT of cloth mask distribution",
    "date": "Published August 2025 · Conducted in 2020",
    "note": "20 villages, 32,019 adults. COVID-19 incidence aRR 0.96 (95% CI 0.57–1.63); few events, no firm conclusion.",
    "url": "https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453%2825%2900151-3/fulltext"
  },
  {
    "id": 47,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "MacIntyre et al. · Masks and respiratory protection",
    "date": "27 February 2025 · BMJ · State-of-the-art review",
    "note": "Broad review assesses the benefits positively depending on use, exposure and adherence; not a single new randomised trial.",
    "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/388/bmj-2023-078573.full"
  },
  {
    "id": 48,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Crespo et al. · Real-world studies of masks",
    "date": "20 October 2025 · Systematic review · Search cut-off June 2023",
    "note": "79 heterogeneous studies, 61 with positive findings. Counting study results does not establish a pooled effectiveness of 77%.",
    "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/22/10/1590"
  },
  {
    "id": 49,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "Greenhalgh et al. · Why mask reviews differ",
    "date": "2026 · Methodological analysis · Studies through September 2025",
    "note": "Analysis of 66 reviews and approximately 300 primary studies. Addresses differing results, study designs and problems with evidence synthesis.",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41645791/"
  },
  {
    "id": 50,
    "category": "Pharmacies",
    "title": "BAS · Final accounting for the protective mask programme",
    "date": "2021 activity report · Final figures as of 18 May 2022",
    "note": "Approximately €2.12 billion for mask distribution and health insurers’ administrative costs; a further approximately €12 million for producing and mailing the vouchers.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesamtsozialesicherung.de/fileadmin/redaktion/allgemeine_dokumente/Taetigkeitsberichte/20220714_BAS_Taetigkeitsbericht_2021_red.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": 51,
    "category": "Pharmacies",
    "title": "ABDA · Changes in the number of pharmacies",
    "date": "Year-end figures for 2020 and 2021",
    "note": "18,753 community pharmacies, including branches, at the end of 2020; 18,461 at the end of 2021. Denominator used to calculate the sector average.",
    "url": "https://www.abda.de/fileadmin/user_upload/assets/ZDF/Zahlen-Daten-Fakten-24/ZDF_2024_9_Entwicklung_der_Apothekenzahl.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": 52,
    "category": "Pharmacies",
    "title": "Federal Government · Vouchers, prices and the December flat-rate payment",
    "date": "2 March 2021 · Parliamentary paper 19/27179 · Especially pp. 2–7",
    "note": "35.3 million printed voucher sheets; €491.4 million December flat-rate payment. Observed wholesale prices for FFP2 masks had fallen to 40–80 cents by the end of February 2021; the tax basis is not specified there.",
    "url": "https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/271/1927179.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": 53,
    "category": "Pharmacies",
    "title": "APOTHEKE ADHOC · BAS accounting figures",
    "date": "27 May 2021 · Published interim figures",
    "note": "28.5 million first and 25.4 million second vouchers for six masks; just under 2.5 million sets of ten for ALG II benefit recipients. Rounded figures, not precise final volume statistics.",
    "url": "https://www.apotheke-adhoc.de/nachrichten/detail/politik/21-milliarden-euro-an-apotheken/"
  },
  {
    "id": 54,
    "category": "Prices",
    "title": "3M · Original occupational safety price list, 2019",
    "date": "Valid from 1 February 2019 · PDF pp. 16 and 12",
    "note": "VFlex 9152/9152S FFP2: €0.67 excluding VAT, minimum order 400. Other models: 8810, €1.86; Aura 9320+, €2.30 excluding VAT. Non-binding list prices.",
    "url": "https://www.ragfa.com/downloads/preislisten/2019/3MArbeitsschutz_2019.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": 55,
    "category": "Prices",
    "title": "Jesamed · 2019 catalogue, medical face masks",
    "date": "January 2019 · Printed p. 4/78 · Catalogue reproduction",
    "note": "Type IIR surgical masks: 50 for €6 excluding VAT, equivalent to 12 cents excluding VAT each. Historical offer price.",
    "url": "https://www.yumpu.com/de/document/view/62662715/jesamed-katalog-2019/215"
  },
  {
    "id": 56,
    "category": "Prices",
    "title": "Siegmund Care · 1,080 FFP2 masks",
    "date": "Price checked 22 October 2026 · JIFA · Bulk carton",
    "note": "€540 including VAT for 1,080 masks: 50 cents per mask; standard DPD shipping within Germany is free at this order value.",
    "url": "https://www.siegmund.care/1080x-FFP2-Atemschutzmaske"
  },
  {
    "id": 57,
    "category": "Prices",
    "title": "Siegmund Care · 20 FFP2 masks",
    "date": "Price checked 22 October 2026 · JIFA",
    "note": "20 for €12 including VAT: product price of 60 cents per mask; shipping may cost extra.",
    "url": "https://www.siegmund.care/20x-FFP2-Atemschutzmaske"
  },
  {
    "id": 58,
    "category": "Prices",
    "title": "Siegmund Care · 50 Type IIR surgical masks",
    "date": "Price checked 22 October 2026 · Meditrade",
    "note": "50 for €3.50 including VAT: 7 cents per mask excluding shipping. An individual DPD order incurs an additional €3.95 shipping charge.",
    "url": "https://www.siegmund.care/50x-Medizinischer-Mund-und-Nasenschutz"
  },
  {
    "id": 59,
    "category": "Prices",
    "title": "Siegmund Care · Shipping terms",
    "date": "Accessed 22 October 2026 · Germany",
    "note": "DPD shipping costs €3.95 for orders under €50; free for orders of €50 or more. Basis for calculating the delivered price per mask.",
    "url": "https://www.siegmund.care/zahlung-und-versand"
  },
  {
    "id": 60,
    "category": "Prices",
    "title": "Destatis · Imports of protective face masks",
    "date": "18 March 2021 · Press release 136",
    "note": "January 2021: 1.1 billion filtering half masks with an import value of €166.7 million. A figure at the import stage, not a record of pharmacies’ purchase costs or additional private expenditure.",
    "url": "https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/03/PD21_136_51.html"
  },
  {
    "id": 61,
    "category": "Private spending",
    "title": "Destatis · Classification of income and expenditure",
    "date": "SEA 2021 · Item 0612 209",
    "note": "Masks are classified together with other health protection products. This category alone does not provide a separately identified total for private spending on masks.",
    "url": "https://www.destatis.de/DE/Methoden/Klassifikationen/Private-Haushalte/sea-2021.pdf?__blob=publicationFile"
  },
  {
    "id": 62,
    "category": "Private spending",
    "title": "Statista · Estimated consumption, 2020–2022",
    "date": "Consumer Market Outlook · Model estimate",
    "note": "An estimated 17 billion masks used by consumers. No breakdown by self-funding, employers and publicly funded spending; does not establish a national total for private expenditure.",
    "url": "https://de.statista.com/infografik/29075/geschaetzter-weltweiter-verbrauch-von-masken-waehrend-der-corona-pandemie/"
  },
  {
    "id": 63,
    "category": "Pharmacies",
    "title": "BFH · VAT on the protective mask flat-rate payment",
    "date": "6 February 2025 · V R 24/23",
    "note": "The flat-rate payment is consideration for taxable supplies. VAT is not a pharmacy’s profit.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesfinanzhof.de/de/entscheidung/entscheidungen-online/detail/STRE202520162/"
  },
  {
    "id": 64,
    "category": "Prices",
    "title": "Siegmund Care · 2,000 Type IIR surgical masks",
    "date": "Price checked 22 October 2026 · Meditrade",
    "note": "€109.98 including VAT for 2,000 masks: approximately 5.5 cents per mask; DPD shipping to Germany is free at this order value.",
    "url": "https://www.siegmund.care/2000x-Medizinischer-Mund-und-Nasenschutz"
  },
  {
    "id": 65,
    "category": "Prices",
    "title": "dm · Mivolis FFP2 two-pack",
    "date": "Price checked 22 October 2026",
    "note": "Two for €1.95 including VAT: 97.5 cents each. Product price excluding shipping.",
    "url": "https://www.dm.de/p/d/3115321/mivolis-ffp2-atemschutzmaske"
  },
  {
    "id": 66,
    "category": "Protest & humour",
    "title": "Maskenfrei.express · Historical campaign",
    "date": "2022/23 campaign · Accessed 22 October 2026",
    "note": "The service’s own description at the time, offering a hearing test, self-assessment and privately issued card for €14.99. No new registrations today.",
    "url": "https://www.maskenfrei.express/"
  },
  {
    "id": 67,
    "category": "Law",
    "title": "Federal Law Gazette · 2022 amendment to the Infection Protection Act",
    "date": "16 September 2022 · Federal Law Gazette I p. 1454 · Especially p. 1463",
    "note": "Section 28b(1), sentence 3, no. 3: exemption for deaf and hard-of-hearing people, their communication partners and accompanying persons; measures applied from 1 October 2022 to 7 April 2023.",
    "url": "https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F%2A%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl122s1454.pdf%27%5D&startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl"
  },
  {
    "id": 68,
    "category": "Law",
    "title": "Bavaria · 17th Infection Protection Measures Ordinance",
    "date": "30 September 2022 · Bavarian Ministerial Gazette no. 557 · Section 2(3)",
    "note": "Distinguishes the exempt group of people from removing a mask in specific situations to communicate with people with hearing impairments.",
    "url": "https://www.verkuendung-bayern.de/baymbl/2022-557/"
  },
  {
    "id": 69,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "WHO · Deafness and hearing loss",
    "date": "Fact sheet · Accessed 22 October 2026",
    "note": "Hearing loss is assessed using hearing thresholds. This does not mean that every adult has clinical hearing loss.",
    "url": "https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss"
  },
  {
    "id": 70,
    "category": "Protest & humour",
    "title": "Maskenfrei.express · Original campaign designs",
    "date": "Supplied collection · 51 JPG designs",
    "note": "Historical satire, opinion and campaign communication. October 2026 dates in filenames are upload dates, not established creation dates.",
    "url": "https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/rzsewhub91wgkkbjg0tml/ACPLS4Rko1Ron6WlKjOl5Cg?rlkey=gz7wypc20x0k21evtktlzvwc0&dl=0"
  },
  {
    "id": 71,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "Ärzte mit Gewissen · Case directory",
    "date": "Documentation portal run by MWGFD e.V.",
    "note": "Accounts by those affected, describing proceedings and professional and personal consequences. The individual court decisions are linked separately.",
    "url": "https://aerzte-mit-gewissen.org/verzeichnis/"
  },
  {
    "id": 72,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "BGH · Walter Weber proceedings",
    "date": "10 September 2025 · 5 StR 335/25",
    "note": "52 instances of issuing incorrect health certificates; aggregate suspended sentence of one year and ten months upheld. Original decision.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesgerichtshof.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/DE/Strafsenate/5_StS/2025/5_StR_335-25.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1"
  },
  {
    "id": 73,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "Walter Weber · His own account",
    "date": "Ärzte mit Gewissen · Accessed 22 October 2026",
    "note": "His own account of the proceedings and their consequences; more than €130,000 in legal and procedural costs according to his account.",
    "url": "https://aerzte-mit-gewissen.org/verzeichnis/dr-med-walter-weber/"
  },
  {
    "id": 74,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "Mannheim Regional Court · Court text on the Jiang proceedings",
    "date": "Judgment of 16 July 2024 · Paragraph 7 on the background",
    "note": "Published judgment against a recipient of a certificate refers to Jiang’s appeal judgment of 20 February 2024: 4,374 cases, two-year suspended sentence.",
    "url": "https://lzk-bw.de/die-kammer/fuer-standesvertreter/urteilsdatenbank/urteil/news/strafbarkeit-der-anstiftung-zum-ausstellen-unrichtiger-gesundheitszeugnisse-in-bezug-auf-eine-befreiung-von-der-maskenpflicht-waehrend-corona"
  },
  {
    "id": 75,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "WNOZ · Appeal on points of law in the Jiang proceedings",
    "date": "25 April 2025 · News report",
    "note": "Reports that Karlsruhe Higher Regional Court dismissed the appeal on points of law against the two-year suspended sentence.",
    "url": "https://www.wnoz.de/nachrichten/weinheim-und-bergstrasse/revision-zum-maskenprozess-gegen-weinheimer-aerztin-verworfen-660926.html"
  },
  {
    "id": 76,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "Monika Jiang · Her own account",
    "date": "Ärzte mit Gewissen · Accessed 22 October 2026",
    "note": "Her own account of the proceedings and financial consequences; approximately €113,000 in legal fees according to her account.",
    "url": "https://aerzte-mit-gewissen.org/verzeichnis/dr-med-monika-jiang/"
  },
  {
    "id": 77,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "BGH · Bianca Witzschel proceedings",
    "date": "23 September 2025 · Press release 175/2025 · Decision of 27 August 2025",
    "note": "Final sentence of two years and eight months in prison and a three-year ban on practising; incorrect health certificates and other offences. Aggregate sentence.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesgerichtshof.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2025/2025175.html"
  },
  {
    "id": 78,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "Ostdeutsche Allgemeine · Witzschel released from prison",
    "date": "24 July 2026 · News report",
    "note": "Reports Bianca Witzschel’s release in July 2026. Does not establish that she was still imprisoned at the source cut-off date for this page.",
    "url": "https://ostdeutscheallgemeine.com/article/witzschel-freiheit-10224340"
  },
  {
    "id": 79,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "Bianca Witzschel · Account by the person affected",
    "date": "Ärzte mit Gewissen · Historical account",
    "note": "Personal and professional consequences from her perspective. The separate sources are authoritative for the judgment date and current custody status.",
    "url": "https://aerzte-mit-gewissen.org/verzeichnis/dr-med-bianca-witzschel/"
  },
  {
    "id": 80,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "Bochum Regional Court · First partial judgment in the Habig case",
    "date": "29 June 2023 · 12 KLs 6/23 · Full court judgment",
    "note": "Two years and ten months for 207 incorrect vaccination records, 190 of which also constituted incorrect health certificates. Reproduction of the anonymised full court judgment; vaccination certificates, not a mask exemption certificate case.",
    "url": "https://recht.nulegal.eu/rechtsprechung/lg-bochum/2023-06-29/12-kls-6-23"
  },
  {
    "id": 81,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "BGH · Appeal on points of law in the first Habig proceedings",
    "date": "11 September 2024 · 4 StR 75/24 · Full text at HRR",
    "note": "The Federal Court of Justice dismissed the appeal on points of law against the first partial judgment from Bochum. Its confirmation concerns these proceedings; other judgments must be considered separately.",
    "url": "https://www.hrr-strafrecht.de/hrr/4/24/4-75-24.php"
  },
  {
    "id": 82,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "Heinrich Habig · Account by the person affected",
    "date": "September 2026 · Personal account",
    "note": "His own account states that he actually served 26 months in custody and was released in May 2026. The portal’s headline on the sentence does not match the court judgments; time served and sentence imposed must be distinguished.",
    "url": "https://aerzte-mit-gewissen.org/verzeichnis/heinrich-karl-werner-habig/"
  },
  {
    "id": 83,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "Deutsches Ärzteblatt / dpa · Javid-Kistel proceedings",
    "date": "5 February 2024 · Contemporary trial report",
    "note": "Duderstadt Local Court: 14-month suspended sentence for incorrect mask exemption certificates, incitement to hatred and insults. No substantiated conviction resulting in a three-and-a-half-year sentence.",
    "url": "https://www.aerzteblatt.de/news/prozess-aerztin-raeumt-volksverhetzung-ein-b22a62c8-eee7-43cc-a4a7-311dcc77f286"
  },
  {
    "id": 84,
    "category": "Doctors’ cases",
    "title": "Carola Javid-Kistel · Account by the person affected",
    "date": "March 2026 · Personal account",
    "note": "Her own account of her suspended sentence, closure of her practice, suspension of her licence to practise, legal fees and life in Mexico. Personal consequences from her perspective.",
    "url": "https://aerzte-mit-gewissen.org/verzeichnis/dr-med-carola-javid-kistel/"
  },
  {
    "id": 85,
    "category": "Evidence",
    "title": "2022 coronavirus evaluation · Expert Committee report",
    "date": "30 June 2022 · Especially pp. 15 and 91",
    "note": "Masks can be an effective tool; their effect depends on fit and use. The data available at the time did not support a general FFP2 recommendation; effects in schools could not be conclusively assessed.",
    "url": "https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/fileadmin/Dateien/3_Downloads/S/Sachverstaendigenausschuss/220630_Evaluationsbericht_IFSG_NEU.pdf"
  },
  {
    "id": 86,
    "category": "Justice",
    "title": "German Bundestag · Change in CDU/CSU parliamentary leadership",
    "date": "29 July 2026 · Parliamentary report",
    "note": "Jens Spahn led the CDU/CSU parliamentary group from May 2025 to July 2026. The Bundestag documents the election of his successor.",
    "url": "https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2026/kw31-fraktionsvorsitz-1200664"
  }
]